New regulations put trustees 'in the driving seat' in the fight against pension scams
Published on 19th May 2021
Our series on the Pension Schemes Act 2021 turns to draft regulations that require trustees to check that one of four conditions is met before paying a transfer value
The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) and Pensions Regulator reported in August 2020 that around £30 million had been lost to pension scammers since 2017, according to complaints filed with Action Fraud. They also said that true losses were likely to be higher, partly because scams are not always reported, and partly because it can be several years before people realise that they have been scammed.
For pension scheme trustees and managers, the problem has always been that, even when their pre-transfer checks throw up concerns, there is little they can do to stop a member if (as is usually the case) the member is exercising their statutory right to transfer.
To try and move things forward, the Pension Schemes Act 2021 includes a power to make regulations to change the statutory transfer right to prevent trustees from making a transfer unless certain conditions are met.
The Department for Work and Pensions is now consulting on those draft regulations.
What is changing?
The draft regulations require all pension scheme trustees, and personal pension scheme managers, to check that one of four conditions is met before they pay a transfer value to another scheme:
Condition one
The transfer is to one of the following types of scheme (all of which are considered to present a low scam risk because of the requirements that apply to them):
- a public service pension scheme established under The Public Service Pensions Act 2013;
- a master trust authorised by the Pensions Regulator;
- a collective money purchase scheme authorised by the Pensions Regulator; or
- a personal pension scheme operated by an insurer that is registered and authorised by the FCA and authorised by the Prudential Regulatory Authority.
Condition two
Condition one does not apply, but the transfer is to a UK occupational pension scheme and the member can demonstrate an "employment link" with the receiving scheme.
To demonstrate an employment link, the member will need to provide evidence that they have been employed by the scheme employer for at least three months and that, for the last three months, they have had a salary at least equal to the lower earnings limit, or LEL, and both they and their employer have contributed to the scheme. The regulations set out a list of evidence that trustees/managers must ask the employee to provide.
In some cases (and we anticipate this will be after the regulations have been in force for a year) it might be enough for the member to provide written evidence of a previous transfer to the same scheme in the last year.
Condition three
The transfer is to a Qualifying Recognised Overseas Pension Scheme (QROPS) and, either:
- the scheme is an occupational scheme in relation to which a member can demonstrate an employment link under Condition two above; or
- the scheme is one in relation to which a member can establish a "residency link".
To establish a residency link, the member will have to prove that they have been resident in the same financial jurisdiction as the QROPS for at least six months, and the regulations set out a list of evidence that trustees and managers must ask the employee to provide.
Again, in some cases (and we anticipate this will be after the regulations have been in force for a year) it might be enough for the member to provide written evidence of a previous transfer to the same scheme in the last year.
Condition four
In any other case, there are no "red flags" and either (i) there are no "amber flags" or (ii) there are some "amber flags" but the member provides the necessary evidence that they have taken scam guidance from the Money and Pensions Service in relation to this transfer or to another transfer to the same scheme in the last 12 months.
The scam guidance "will not be the same as the guidance already available through Pension Wise, but will be specific to the dangers of scams, the methods deployed by scammers and what to look out for".
Trustees and managers will be able to ask members for information to help them to assess whether any of the flags are present. If the member does not provide this, it will be a "red flag" meaning that the transfer cannot proceed.
In all cases
Trustees and managers will also have to tell members about the transfer conditions, and the need for at least one of them to be met, at the start of the transfer process.
Red and amber flags?
For the purposes of condition four, the "red flags" are that the trustees or managers have a "reasonable belief" that:
- "a person or firm without the appropriate regulatory permission …has provided financial advice to the member… or … recommended … the transfer without formally providing financial advice", (except where an overseas adviser has advised the member in relation to overseas investments in the receiving scheme);
- "the member’s request to make the transfer was made further to unsolicited contact" including by telephone call, text message, letter, or email, or via social media "from a party previously unknown to the member";
- "the member has been offered an incentive" that would include, for example, an offer of a free pension review or "pressured to make the transfer quickly."
The amber flags are that the trustees or managers have a "reasonable belief" that:
- "there are high risk or unregulated investments included in the receiving scheme;
- there are unclear or high fees being charged by the receiving scheme;
- the investment structures of the receiving scheme are unclear, complex or unorthodox;
- the receiving scheme includes overseas investments or an overseas adviser has advised the member in relation to such investments; or
- the trustees or managers of the transferring scheme are aware of a high volume of requests to make a transfer from their scheme either to a single receiving scheme, or involving a single adviser or firm of advisers, or both".
Will there be any guidance?
The consultation paper suggests that the Pensions Regulator and FCA will publish guidance on these new requirements.
When will this start to apply?
The consultation is open until 9 June 2021, and the consultation paper says that the government intends to introduce the regulations this autumn.
Actions for trustees
The check as to whether one of the transfer conditions is met will apply in addition to the checks that trustees and managers already make before paying a transfer value. Members should also continue to take financial advice and guidance.
We recommend that trustees:
- Ask their legal advisers to confirm whether they need to amend the transfer provisions in their trust deed and rules to allow them to apply the new regulations (the draft regulations say that they will not override anything in the trust deed and rules).
- Discuss with their scheme administrators the draft regulations, and the steps needed to prepare for them.
- In the meantime, continue to follow best practice guidance on combatting pension scams, including making use of the latest version of Pension Scams Industry Group's code of good practice.
Read the other Insights in this series:
